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4.5 Discussion (c) Where the papers have more than one writer, the candidate must be the
4.6 Conclusion main writer of at least two out of three papers.
 Chapter 5: Article 3* (d) Normally, the theses shall include the following in addition to the
5.1 Introduction components required of a standard thesis:
5.2 Literature Review  list of publications and/or manuscripts;

5.3 Materials and Methods / Methodology  acknowledgments of joint writers and evidence of permissions; and
5.4 Results  published papers and accepted manuscripts.
5.5 Discussion (e) Each published paper or submitted manuscript must begin with a clear
5.6 Conclusion statement of the contribution made by each writer of any jointly
 Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation written paper.
 References (A consolidated list of references for all chapters) (f) The thesis shall be prefaced by a synopsis which summarises the most
important findings presented in each published paper or submitted
Note: manuscript. It should indicate how the included works are
*Article is written with a specific title which normally refers to the thematically linked or tied to a particular research framework and

research done how, when considered together, they contribute significantly to
Supplementary knowledge in the discipline. The synopsis should be included in the
 List of Publications and Papers Presented ―Introduction‖ chapter.
 Appendix (g) The ―Introduction‖ chapter should contain:
 description of research problem investigated;

 objectives of the study; and
(3) Thesis by Published Papers  account of research progress linking the research papers.
The University of Malaya permits the presentation of thesis for the The account of research progress must link together the various papers
Doctoral degree in the format of published and/or submitted papers, submitted as part of the thesis so that the reader can understand the
where such papers have been published or accepted by high impact logic behind the progression of the research programme.
journals (e.g.: ISI journals) during the period of candidature. (h) The ―Literature Review‖ chapter must contain, in accordance with
discipline norms, a critical review of relevant literature, identify the
Papers submitted as a Ph.D thesis must be based on a particular theme or knowledge gaps and the relationship of the literature to the
focus and form a cohesive research write up. programme of research.

(i) The ―Conclusion‖ chapter establishes the cumulative effect of the
The quality of a thesis by published papers should be in accordance with papers, the significance of the findings and the knowledge claim in the
Ph.D-level research. thesis.
(j) Published or accepted papers must be presented coherently in the
The guidelines for the format by published papers are as follows: thesis according to the requirement of the University of Malaya
(a) The theses may comprise published papers and/or manuscripts (Degree of Doctor of Philosophy) Regulations 2007 including any

accepted for publication by high impact journals (e.g. ISI journals). The accompanying declarations.
papers should be published or accepted for publication during the
period of candidature. The examination process for theses in the format of published papers is
(b) The minimum number of papers and/or manuscripts is normally three. similar to that for conventional theses by research.
However, in some disciplines a larger number of papers is required to
meet the expectations of scope and quality in accordance with Ph.D- Theses which have not achieved sufficient academic merit may be referred
level research. for further work within a period of between 6 to 18 months and be
submitted for re-examination. In such cases, the candidate may choose to

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