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digestion, selected solid phase extraction and liquid phase Polymerization processes and mechanism (stepwise & addition
extraction technique. polymerization).

Spectrometry Copolymers: Structures and properties of copolymers. Monomer
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS): atomization techniques reactivity ratios.
such as flame atomization, electrothermal (graphite furnace)
atomization, hydride generation technique, glow discharge Plastic Crisis: Earth is Choking
atomization, cold vapour technique. Discussion about current plastic crisis faced around the globe,
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES): flame, arc-spark and plasma including ongoing efforts to address the issue, as well as
AES (ICP-AES), challenges.
atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS): principle,
instrumentation, excitation sources, advantages, limitations. Green polymers: Reducing impact to the environment

Part B:
Separation Methods Polymers and Industries
Advanced aspects on theory and process of separation in GC and Discussion on the application of polymers in two different industries:
HPLC, van Deemter equation, general resolution equation and
HETP, types and selection of stationary phases in GC, capillary GC, (i) Latex and Rubber Industry
reversed phase HPLC, effects of mobile phases in HPLC Introduction to types of lattices and compositions, as well as SMR
separations, instrumentation in GC and HPLC, detectors in GC and grades and vulcanization.
HPLC, hyphenated techniques: GC-MS and LC-MS. Basic Properties of rubber and latex: Theory and measurement
principles of capillary eletrophoresis. Applications and recent developments

Instrumentation techniques for characterization (ii) Miscellaneous Industry (based on relevance and
Introduction to current characterization techniques and detailed importance).
discussion in the instrumental techniques: X-ray diffractometry, Introduction to the types of polymers involved in the industry.
Infrared, Raman, UV-vis, and multinuclear magnetic resonance - Properties of the polymers involved and related tests and
phosphorus spectroscopy, elemental analysis and magnetic characterizations techniques.
susceptibility
Assessment Weightage:
Assessment Weightage: Continuous assessment: 50%
Continuous assessment: 50% Final examination: 50%
Final examination: 50%

SIC3046 OLEOCHEMISTRY
SIC3044 INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
Overview of the oleochemical industry, research & development.
Historical overview of chemical industries. Introduction of Industrial Introduction to oleochemical industry in Malaysia and global.
Revolution 4.0 in chemical industries.
Raw material of oleochemical industry. Synthesis and formation of
Challenges on the synthesis of chemicals that are beneficial, basic oleochemicals (building blocks) from chemical and enzymatic
profitable and responsible for the safety, health and environment. industrial processes.
Research and development from laboratory scale to commercial
scale on the production of selected chemicals. Economic aspect, Synthesis, production and use of oleochemical derivatives as
fixed cost, variable cost, revenue, management and patent right. surfactants, oil-based emulsions and nanoemulsions, biodiesel,
Forecasting the profitability for pioneering industries on the biolubricant, coatings and paint, adhesives.
production of selected chemicals through interpretation of break-
even chart. Cosmetic, pharmaceutical, personal care and makeup formulations.

Definition of industrial chemistry covering raw materials: Oil crops, Assessment Weightage:
coal, petroleum, natural gas, rubber, wood, metal. Continuous assessment: 40%
Industrial technologies related to chemical process of adsorption, Final examination: 60%
extraction, purification and distillation.

Type of chemical processes: batch/continuous, steady/ unsteady SIC3047 PETROCHEMISTRY
state, simple/multiple reactions. Process characteristics include
yield, selectivity, desired/undesired products. Overview of petroleum refining and petrochemistry industry. Crude
oil refinery operations and respective feedstocks and products
Assessment Weightage: involved: crude oil distillation, catalytic reforming and isomerisation,
Continuous assessment: 40% catalytic cracking, coking and hydrotreating.
Final examination: 60%
Natural gas products (hydrogen, synthesis gas and ammonia) and
its production including steam methane reforming, water gas shift,
SIC3045 INDUSTRIAL POLYMER CHEMISTRY partial oxidation, autothermal reforming and pressure swing
absorption.
Part A:
Introduction to Polymer C1 products (formic acid and its derivatives, hydrogen cyanide,
chloromethane) formation.